OSC Activity B.2

Identification of superior Canadian Western Spring (CWRS) wheat and food quality oat breeding lines that are adapted for organic production systems and that can be registered in Canada. These lines will be submitted into existing registration tests or some other suitable vehicle to accommodate the generation of data required for variety registration. Although the area of adaptation of the breeding programs is western Canada, some western varieties have been found to be successful in eastern Canada also.

Small scale breeding programs are being conducted by the leader and co-applicants of this activity. These programs target the needs of organic cereal producers which appear to differ from those of conventional farmers. These projects are adjuncts to much larger programs for wheat (Fox, Hucl, Spaner) and oat (Mitchell Fetch); thus, these organic programs will benefit from advances in the areas of disease resistance and marker assisted selection (MAS) by association with the larger conventional programs. While at the same time, genotypes that are adapted to the biotic and abiotic stresses that are associated with organic crop production will be identified through conduct of all breeding nurseries and agronomic tests on organically managed land. In addition, the associated conventional breeding programs all benefit from use of contraseason nurseries and indoor growth facilities which speed the rate at which generations are completed. Thus, organic programs can benefit from the production of conventional parents and other breeding information.

Three wheat breeding programs and one oat program are considered in this proposal. Since 94% of wheat is grown in western Canada, locating these breeding programs in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is very appropriate.  The oat program is located in Manitoba, where one of the two publicly supported western Canadian programs resides.

The proposed breeding programs will use many of the same breeding objectives and methods as conventional programs. Differences arise mainly in areas of plant nutrition, weed control and differing soil abiotic and biotic properties. Plant nutrition is provided through crop rotation or approved soil amendments. Weed control is provided only through appropriate crop rotations and in-crop harrowing. There continues to be more elucidation of differences in soil texture, nutrient availability and type and distribution of soil organisms found in organically managed land compared to conventional. It is all of these factors that result in a growing environment complexity that is different enough from conventional crop production to warrant direct selection for genotypes adapted to this differing complexity.

The existing organic cereal selection programs have lacked any collaborative activity, and all lack adequate support for experimentation required to provide data on advanced breeding lines. This proposal will directly address these two concerns.  The eventual outcome of this work is new wheat and oat cultivars with adaptation to organic crop production. Improved cultivars should lead to improved profitability for participants in the value chain of these two cereals.

• The crafting of organic oats
  • OACC News Article. 2012
• More than just taste: Comparisons of organic and conventional bread
  • OACC News Article. 2011
• Mycorrhizal colonization, P uptake and yield of older and modern wheats under organic management
  • Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2011) 91: 663-667
• Organic cereal breeding in Western Canada
  • OACC News Article. 2011
• Organic farming...organic varieties?
  • OACC News Article. 2011
• A passion for new organic varieties
  • OACC News Article. 2012
    
• Realized gains from selection for spring wheat grain yield are different in conventional and organically managed systems
  • Euphytica (2011) 177: 253-266
• Soil microbial communities and grain quality as affected by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar and grain mixtures in organic and conventional management systems
  • University of Alberta. PhD Thesis of Alison Nelson. 2011
• The soil microbial community and grain micronutrient concentration of historical and modern hard red spring wheat cultivars grown organically and conventionally in the black soil zone of the Canadian Prairies
  • Sustainability (2011) 3: 500-517
• Spring wheat genotypes differentially alter soil microbial communities and wheat breadmaking quality in organic and conventional systems
  • Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2011) 91: 485-495
• Wheat Cultivar Development: Selection for Adaptation to Organic Production Systems [PDF - 31 kB]
  • Canadian Organic Science Conference. 2012
    

• Competitive ability of wheat in conventional and organic management systems: A review of the literature
  • Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2006) 86: 333-343
• Crop yield and soil nutrient status on 14 organic farms in the eastern portion of the northern Great Plains
  • Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2001) 81: 351-354
• Cultivar and seeding rate effects on the competitive ability of spring cereals grown under organic production in northern Canada
  • Agronomy Journal (2007) 99: 1199-1207
• Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems
  • Field Crops Research (2007) 102: 172-177
• Managing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in cropping systems
  • Canadian Journal of Plant Science (2005) 85: 31-40
• Should spring wheat breeding for organically managed systems be conducted on organically managed land?
  • Euphytica (2009) 169: 239-252
• Soil microbial diversity and soil functioning affect competition among grasses in experimental microcosms
  • Oecologia (2005) 143: 232-240

• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• Canadian Wheat Board
• Grain Millers Canada
• Prairie Oat Growers Association