It is one of the most extreme environments on Earth and one that few scientists have ever been able to reach because of pressure so intense that it can easily crush conventional oceanographic equipment.
The Challenger Deep — the deepest known point in the world’s oceans — has been largely inaccessible to all but a few scientific instruments that can withstand the immense pressure nearly 11,000 metres under the sea. Now, a researcher at Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., has joined that coterie after successfully deploying an autonomous lander from the area in the southern tip of the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific.
David Barclay, an associate professor in the Department of Oceanography and Canada Research Chair, led a team on board DSSV Pressure Drop that dropped his home-grown Deep Acoustic Lander — aptly named DAL — to the bottom of the trench last Friday.
“The achievement of sending something down there, having it survive that pressure, getting it back to the surface and recovering it is a big technological and engineering win,” Dr. Barclay, shown left, said in an email after pulling into port in Guam following the mission, which was also supported by Calandan Oceanic and the Larry Connor Group.
“The demonstration of technology proves that we now have an elevator to the deep. The potential to develop more measurement capability for other researchers is huge. We could make measurements of ocean chemistry, biology, geology and physics at any depth.”
A remarkable feat
The lander is an autonomous free-falling instrument developed at Dalhousie that records four channels of audio and the surrounding water properties. Dr. Barclay used an array of four hydrophones to capture the ambient sound in the trench. The array, like our ears, allows us to separate different sources of sound and determine exactly how they mix with frequency and depth.
A recording captures the sounds of the DAL deployment from when it plunges into the ocean — picking up a mixture of the ship’s whirring propellers, distant waves, storms, ships and rainfall — to when it releases its anchor and rises to the surface.
Even at 3,000 metres below, it can pick up the sound of a bulk carrier passing dozens of kilometres away. The sound of glass shards breaking off the DAL’s sphere under the environment’s enormous pressure can also be heard. It becomes silent, however, after the lander plunks down on the bottom in one of the quietest places in the world’s oceans — making it only the second recording from the bottom of the Challenger Deep.
The fact that the team pulled it off is remarkable in itself.
Some of the largest oceanographic research institutions in the world have lost more complex and expensive vehicles in the same spot, which has seen a flurry of activity by several countries to develop equipment to explore this part of the world.
A lighter, more efficient lander
In 2014, a lander Dr. Barclay built was crushed in the Challenger Deep as he tried to make the same measurement achieved last week. Since then, he has worked on building a new generation of lighter, more efficient landers while also generating the capacity at Dalhousie needed to build such a vehicle.
“My lab now has the technical expertise, knowledge and facilities to explore the deepest ocean trenches. For the Oceanography department, this means we can now say with confidence that no bit of ocean is out of reach!” he says, adding that DAL is a combination of off-the-shelf and custom components that were machined, soldered or coded in the basement of the Life Sciences Centre.
“This represents a major personal scientific, engineering and career accomplishment. To build the lander, test it and send it halfway around the world, have it survive 1,100 atmospheres of pressure and return to the surface to be found by us after the 20-hour round trip is nothing short of a 9th inning, two out, two strikes, walk-off grand slam during the 7th game of the World Series!
“It's both a miracle in terms of the alignment of many lucky circumstances and a testament to training and perseverance in the face of many roadblocks, including a global pandemic!!!”
The acoustic and oceanographic data collected on the mission will provide valuable insight into the fundamental properties of seawater at high pressures while also informing a depth-dependent noise model of the deep ocean. That can quantify and shed light on the human impact on the underwater sound field, while also helping design systems that can better cut through the noise to find sound-producing objects in the ocean, such as whales, ships and submarines.
