About the authors: Nancy Kong is a Dalhousie PhD grad who is currently a Research Fellow in Health Economics at the Queensland University of Technology. Shelley Phipps is Professor of Economics at Dalhousie University
Did you lose your job because of the pandemic? Even if your job is not currently affected, do you worry about your future income? If so, you are one of many who experience economic stress.
COVID-19 is taking a heavy toll on the labour market outcomes of parents with young children. While 70 per cent of parents with young children were employed and at work in February 2020 in Canada, for example, that fell to 52 per cent in April. Economic stress can also affect parents who are currently employed but are, with good reason in the present circumstances, worried about losing their jobs.
However, the effect of economic stress does not stop here, especially among families with young children, if past data are any indication.
Economic stress & children’s well-being
Even before the outbreak of COVID-19 in Canada in March 2020, half of Canadian families with young children worried about having enough money to support their families.
We used a survey from Statistics Canada that tracked 40,000 families with children ranging from two to five years old between 2000 and 2008. Our study found parental economic stress had a negative impact on children’s well-being. With no current national representative data available yet, our results suggest a similar impact due to COVID-19 could be substantial.
The StatCan survey asked parents about children’s emotional and behavioural development; for example, if their child “is easily distracted” or “can’t pay attention for long.” Answers were used to measure the level of the child’s hyperactivity/inattention. Questions about whether the child “is too fearful” or “nervous” measured anxiety.
We found that parents who worried about money, compared to those who didn’t, were more likely to have hyperactive and anxious kids, even when families had the same level of income, parental employment status, health, education and demographic characteristics.
However, since we only know about factors measured in the survey, there might be some unobservable characteristic that was responsible both for a parent feeling more worried about money and for their child being more anxious (for example a personality tendency or a genetic predisposition).
Fortunately, since the data followed the same child over time, we could “net out” potential effects of unobservable traits by assessing whether a child’s anxiety or hyperactivity increased when a parent’s economic stress increased or vice versa. Results indicated that increases in parental economic worries were associated with increases in girls’ anxiety and boys’ hyperactivity.
The effects of economic stress on children were big. Compared to what we usually think as important family factors for children’s development, like happy marriages and well-educated parents, our results showed that parental anxiety about their financial situation is equivalent to the effect of a divorce. This negative effect sufficiently offset the positive impact of mothers who were university educated.
Single-parent families hit harder
We compared children in single-parent families and those whose parents were married. We found that economic insecurity affected children in single-parent families two to three times more than children in families with married parents.
This result revealed a stark reality: With 29 per cent of single-parent families living in poverty, economic stress put their children in a more disadvantaged situation.
Economic stress affects parenting
How do parents transmit economic stresses to their children? Since StatCan asked parents about interactions with their kids, one avenue we could explore was how parenting behaviours were affected when parents worried about money.
Our study showed that parents under economic stress spent less time interacting with their children (praising, laughing or playing games, for example), were less likely to follow through with rules and were more likely to yell and use physical punishment. Obviously, such behaviours hurt children’s well-being.
We showed evidence of the spillover effects of economic insecurity, not only affecting people who themselves feel economically insecure, but also transmitting the negative effects to the next generation. Our findings suggest that previous research has underestimated the societal cost of economic insecurity.
Our study also illustrated different effects on girls and boys. Boys were more likely to act out their stress by being hyperactive, while girls were more likely to internalize their stress by worrying. The difference calls for a gender-specific approach to designing early intervention.
Future research might consider other ways in which young Canadian children have been affected by COVID-19. Although children are less likely to contract the virus, their normal routines have been severely disrupted with closures of childcare and schools.
Playing with friends or seeing extended family has likely been severely curtailed. Many of these changes, in addition to the stress experienced by their parents, may have important implications for the well-being of children.
This article was first published on The Conversation, which features includes relevant and informed articles written by researchers and academics in their areas of expertise and edited by experienced journalists.
Dalhousie University is a founding partner of The Conversation Canada, an online media outlet providing independent, high-quality explanatory journalism. Originally established in Australia in 2011, it has had more than 85 commissioning editors and 30,000-plus academics register as contributors. A full list of articles written by Dalhousie academics can be found on the Conversation Canada website.